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Geological Background
The location of NCTF 135 HA near West Molesey, Surrey, is situated within a region of complex geological history, with a diverse range of rock formations and landforms shaping the area over millions of years.
The underlying bedrock in this area consists primarily of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, shales, and limestones, which date back to the Carboniferous Period, approximately 320-360 million years ago. These ancient rocks have been subjected to tectonic forces, weathering, and erosion, resulting in a varied landscape of valleys, hills, and streams.
To the east of NCTF 135 HA lies the Thames Valley, which has been shaped by the River Thames as it flows northwards from its source in the Cotswolds. The valley floor is composed of a mixture of clay, silt, and sand deposits, while the surrounding hills are formed from harder, more resistant rocks such as chalk and limestone.
West Molesey itself lies on a site of former lacustrine sediments, deposited in a shallow lake during the Cretaceous Period, approximately 100-65 million years ago. These deposits have been eroded over time to form the landscape we see today, with numerous streams and rivers flowing through the area.
The area around NCTF 135 HA has also experienced significant glacial activity during the Pleistocene Epoch, approximately 2.5 million years ago to 11,700 years ago. The last ice age scoured the underlying bedrock, creating a landscape of glacial lakes, moraines, and drumlins.
More recently, human activities have had a significant impact on the geological background of the area. Development and urbanization have led to changes in land use, drainage patterns, and soil quality, while construction projects such as NCTF 135 HA itself often involve extraction and disposal of materials from the underlying bedrock.
Geological mapping of the area has revealed a range of geological features, including faults, folds, and fractures, which have been shaped by tectonic forces over millions of years. These features provide valuable information for understanding the geological history of the area and can be used to inform land use planning and management.
The location of NCTF 135 HA near West Molesey, Surrey, thus reflects a complex interplay between geological processes and human activities, with ongoing changes shaping the landscape over time. Understanding these processes is essential for managing natural resources, mitigating environmental impacts, and preserving the unique character of this remarkable region.
The NCTF 135 HA site near West Molesey, Surrey is situated in a region of complex geological history, characterized by numerous faults, folds, and volcanic intrusions.
This area has undergone significant tectonic activity over millions of years, resulting in the formation of diverse rocks that provide valuable information about the geological past.
The underlying geology of Surrey is composed of Mesozoic sediments, including sandstones, shales, and conglomerates.
These sedimentary rocks were deposited during a period of relatively low tectonic activity, but they have since been affected by multiple phases of deformation.
The deformation has resulted in the formation of complex geological structures, including folds, faults, and fractures.
The British Geological Survey (BGS) provides detailed information about the geology of Surrey, which is essential for understanding the local tectonic history.
According to the BGS, the region’s geology has been shaped by a combination of tectonic forces, including faulting, folding, and volcanic activity.
The Mesozoic sediments that underlie Surrey were deposited in a series of ancient seas and lakes, which have since disappeared due to changes in sea levels and tectonic activity.
Over time, these sediments have been uplifted, deformed, and metamorphosed by the region’s complex geological history.
The resulting rocks provide a unique window into the region’s past, offering insights into the Earth’s geological evolution.
The NCTF 135 HA site is located near West Molesey, which is situated in the Surrey Basin, an area of ancient sedimentary rocks that dates back to the Mesozoic era.
Geologically, Surrey is divided into three main areas: the North Downs Fault Line, the Weald-Artois Zone, and the Surrey Basin.
The Surrey Basin is a large geological structure that covers much of southwestern England, including parts of Surrey, Hampshire, and Kent.
The region’s geology has been shaped by tectonic forces, including faulting, folding, and volcanic activity, which have resulted in the formation of diverse rocks and landscapes.
Hydrogeological Characteristics
The hydrogeological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA site near West Molesey, Surrey, play a crucial role in understanding groundwater flow and recharge.
The site is located in the Chiltern Valley Aquifer System, which is a major confined aquifer system covering a large area of southeastern England. The aquifer is composed of a sequence of sand, gravel, and clay layers that are separated by impermeable rocks such as chalk and limestone.
Hydrogeologically, the NCTF 135 HA site can be characterized as follows:
- Aquifer system: Chiltern Valley Aquifer System
- Primary aquifer materials: Sand, gravel, and clay
- Sedimentary rocks: Chalk, limestone, and other impermeable rocks
- Geological structure: Faults and fissures in the chalk and limestone formations
- Density of sedimentary layers: Increasing density from sand to clay
The groundwater flow at the NCTF 135 HA site is controlled by several factors, including:
- Topography: The site is located near a hillside slope, which influences the direction and velocity of groundwater flow.
- Transmissivity: The transverse permeability of the aquifer materials affects the speed at which water flows through the system.
- Density gradient: The difference in density between the aquifer and surrounding rocks influences the rate of groundwater flow.
The recharge to the Chiltern Valley Aquifer System is an important process that renews the groundwater supply. Recharge occurs when precipitation infiltrates the soil and percolates downwards into the aquifer. The factors controlling recharge include:
- Land use: Urbanization, agriculture, and forestry can affect infiltration rates and groundwater flow.
- Soil properties: Porosity, permeability, and saturation of the soil influence the amount and rate of infiltration.
- Precipitation: The intensity and frequency of precipitation events impact the amount of recharge.
The NCTF 135 HA site experiences a moderate to high level of recharge due to its location in a relatively impermeable landscape. However, the recharge can be affected by human activities such as:
- Drainage and sewerage systems: These can alter the natural hydrological processes and affect groundwater levels.
- Agricultural practices: Intensive farming practices can increase soil compaction, reducing infiltration rates and altering groundwater flow.
Overall, understanding the hydrogeological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA site near West Molesey, Surrey, is essential for managing groundwater resources sustainably. This involves taking into account the complex interplay between geological, geomorphological, and hydrological factors that control groundwater flow and recharge.
The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA near West Molesey, Surrey, is characterized by a complex interplay between local topography and geology.
Studies have shown that groundwater flows primarily towards the Thames River, which has a significant impact on the regional aquifer system.
The influence of the Thames River on the hydrogeological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA is multifaceted, with its extensive network of streams, rivers, and wetlands contributing to the flow and recharge patterns of the aquifer.
Research has indicated that the regional aquifer system is part of a larger hydrological continuum, with water flowing from the Thames Valley towards the coast at Dungeness.
Hydrogeological modeling studies have highlighted the importance of topographic features in controlling groundwater flow and recharge patterns within this region.
For instance, the surrounding hills and valleys create a complex landscape that influences precipitation-runoff interactions, with precipitation occurring mainly during the summer months.
The limited recharge area for the NCTF 135 HA is largely confined to these surrounding hills and valleys, where rainfall infiltration into the soil can feed into underlying aquifers.
Furthermore, the local geology plays a crucial role in shaping groundwater flow patterns within the region, with sedimentary rocks such as clay and sand contributing to the hydrological system.
The hydrogeological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA near West Molesey, Surrey, are influenced by its location within the Thames Valley, which has a history of human activity such as agriculture, urban development, and groundwater exploitation.
These activities have likely altered the natural hydrological balance in the region, with evidence suggesting that some areas may be experiencing changes to groundwater levels and quality over time.
Understanding the complex interactions between local topography, geology, and human activities is essential for managing groundwater resources effectively within this region.
Stakeholders such as water resource managers, environmental agencies, and local communities can benefit from adopting a holistic approach to hydrogeological management, one that takes into account both natural and anthropogenic factors.
The continued monitoring of groundwater levels and quality will be necessary to ensure the long-term sustainability of this vital resource.
Environmental Significance
The site of the National Trust for Conservation of Forests (NCTF) 135 HA near West Molesey, Surrey, holds significant environmental value due to its unique biodiversity and ecological characteristics.
Biodiversity hotspots are areas that possess an exceptionally high level of species diversity relative to their size and geology, making them crucial for maintaining global ecosystem health. The NCTF site is one such hotspot, boasting a wide variety of flora and fauna that thrive in this specific environment.
The Surrey Hills, which encompass the 135 HA area, are considered an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), reflecting their exceptional ecological value. The hills’ varied landscapes, including chalk grasslands, woodlands, and valleys, provide a diverse range of habitats for plants and animals to inhabit.
One of the most striking features of this site is its rich botanical heritage. The chalk grasslands, in particular, support an array of rare and threatened plant species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. The iconic bluebell carpet that blankets the woods during spring also underscores the area’s exceptional floral diversity.
Beyond its intrinsic natural value, this site holds significant ecological importance for the wider region. As a habitat corridor, it provides vital connectivity between isolated woodland patches and allows species to migrate freely, facilitating genetic exchange and population dynamics.
The ecosystem services offered by this site extend far beyond its intrinsic biodiversity, contributing substantially to local water cycles, soil stability, and carbon sequestration. For instance, the chalk grasslands act as significant reservoirs for groundwater recharge, while the woodland canopy helps regulate temperature fluctuations and maintain atmospheric humidity.
The NCTF 135 HA site is also a prime location for supporting various ecological processes, including primary production, nutrient cycling, and decomposition. The complex interactions within these ecosystems have a cascading effect on higher trophic levels, influencing predator-prey dynamics, nutrient partitioning, and community structure.
Furthermore, the area’s varied topography and geology create microclimates that support diverse microbial communities, many of which remain poorly characterized. These microbes play vital roles in decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and contributing to soil fertility – processes essential for plant growth and ecosystem resilience.
Conservation efforts at this site have the potential to enhance biodiversity hotspots globally by demonstrating effective land management strategies that balance human needs with ecological imperatives. By protecting areas like NCTF 135 HA near West Molesey, Surrey, we can safeguard critical ecosystem services while maintaining the integrity of these precious environments for future generations.
The National Trust for Forests (NCTF) 135 HA site near West Molesey, Surrey, encompasses a range of habitats that support diverse ecosystems.
- Heathland
- Woodland
- Grassland
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The area’s varied habitats are home to several rare and endangered plant species, according to the University of Surrey’s Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH). Some examples include:
- Gorse (Ulex europaeus)
- Bellflower (Campanula medium)
The CEH states that these rare plants are just a few examples of the many plant species that can be found in this area.
In addition to its diverse plant life, NCTF 135 HA is also an important habitat for local wildlife, including various bird species.
- Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus)
- Woodlark (Lullula arborea)
The nightjar and woodlark are both priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 2001), highlighting their importance as indicators of ecosystem health.
The presence of these rare bird species underscores the site’s ecological significance, emphasizing its value for conservation efforts aimed at protecting biodiversity in the region.
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